ACADEMIC (EXTENSIVE) READING
GROUP ASSIGNMENT
ARRANGED BY :
INDRA KURNIAWAN (F12111046)
M. HUNAFATUL ICHSAN (F12111003)
YULITA SISXA (F12111041)
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION FACULTY
TANJUNGPURA UNIVERSITY
PONTIANAK
2012/2013
Self and the City : Toward civicism
Daniel
A. Bell
And Avner de-Shalit
PROJECT SYNDICATE / BEIJING
What is the big
story of our age? It depends on the day, but if we count by centuries, then
surely humanity’s urbanization is a strong contender.
(Apakah
cerita besar di zaman kita? Hal ini tergantung pada hari, tetapi jika kita menghitung
dengan berabad-abad, maka pasti urbanisasi manusia adalah lawan yang kuat.)
Today,
more than half of the world’s population lives in cities, compared to less than
3 percent in 1800. By 2025, China alone is expected to have 15 “mega-cities”,
each with a population of at least 25 million. Are social critics right to
worry about the atomized loneliness of big-city life?
( Saat
ini, lebih dari setengah populasi dunia tinggal di kota-kota, dibandingkan
dengan kurang dari 3 persen pada tahun 1800. Pada tahun 2025, China sendiri
diperkirakan memiliki 15 "mega-kota", masing-masing dengan populasi
minimal 25 juta. Apakah kritik sosial yang tepat untuk khawatir tentang kesepian
yang dipisahkan dari kehidupan kota besar? )
True,
cities cannot provide the rich sense of community that often characterizes
villages and small towns. But a different form of community evolves in cities.
( Benar,
kota tidak dapat memberikan rasa kaya masyarakat yang sering mencirikan desa
dan kota-kota kecil. Tapi bentuk yang berbeda dari masyarakat berkembang di
kota-kota.)
People
often take pride in their cities, and seek to nourish their distinctive
civic
cultures.
(Orang
sering bangga di kota-kota mereka, dan berusaha untuk memelihara budaya khas
mereka sipil.)
Pride in
one’s city has a long history. In the ancient world, Athenians identified with
their city’s democratic ethos, while Spartans prided
themselves on their city’s reputation for military discipline and strength.
( Kebanggaan
di satu kota memiliki sejarah panjang. Dalam dunia
kuno, Athena diidentifikasi dengan etos demokrasi kota mereka, sementara
Spartan membanggakan diri pada reputasi kota mereka untuk disiplin militer dan
kekuatan.)
Of
course, today’s urban areas are huge, diverse and pluralistic, so it may
seem strange to say that a modern city has an ethos that informs its residents’
collective life.
(Tentu
saja, daerah perkotaan saat ini sangat besar, beragam dan pluralistik, sehingga
mungkin aneh untuk mengatakan bahwa sebuah kota modern yang memiliki etos yang
menginformasikan kehidupan kolektif penduduknya.)
Yet the
differences between, say, Beijing and Jerusalem, suggest that cities do have
such an ethos. Both are designed with a core surrounded by concentric circles,
but Jerusalem’s core expresses spiritual values, while Beijing’s represents political
power. And a city’s ethos shapes more than its leaders.
(Namun
antara perbedaan , katakanlah, Beijing dan Yerusalem,
menunjukkan bahwa kota-kota yang memiliki seperti etos. Keduanya dirancang
dengan inti yang dikelilingi oleh lingkaran konsentris, tapi inti Yerusalem
mengekspresikan nilai-nilai spiritual, sementara Beijing mewakili kekuasaan
politik. Dan etos sebuah kota membentuk lebih dari pemimpinnya.)
Beijing
attracts China’s leading political critics, while Jerusalem’s social critics
argue for an interpretation of religion that holds people, rather than inanimate
objects, sacred. In both cases, despite objections to the ruling
ideology’s specific tenets, few reject the ethos itself.
(Beijing
menarik kritikus politik terkemuka China, sementara kritikus sosial
Yerusalem berdebat untuk interpretasi agama yang memegang orang, bukan benda
mati, sakral. Dalam kedua kasus, meskipun keberatan terhadap ajaran tertentu
ideologi yang berkuasa, beberapa menolak etos itu sendiri.)
Or
consider Montreal, whose residents must navigate the city’s tricky
linguistic politics. Montreal is a relatively successful example of a city in
which Anglophones and Francophones both feel at home, but
language debates nonetheless dominate the political scene and structurean ethos
for the city’s residents.
( Atau
mempertimbangkan Montreal, yang penghuninya harus menavigasi politik rumit kota
linguistik. Montreal adalah contoh yang relatif sukses dari sebuah kota di mana
Anglophones dan Francophones berdua merasa di rumah, tapi debat bahasa tetap
mendominasi panggung politik dan etos structurean bagi warga kota.)
Hongkong
is a special case, where the capitalist way of life is so central that it is enshrined
in the constitution (the Basic Law). Yet Hongkong – style capitalism
is not founded simply on the pursuit of material gain.
(Hongkong
adalah kasus khusus, di mana cara hidup kapitalis begitu sentral bahwa itu
diabadikan dalam konstitusi (Undang-Undang Dasar). Namun Hongkong - gaya kapitalisme tidak didirikan hanya pada
mengejar keuntungan materi.)
It is underpinned
by a Confucian
ethic that prioritizes caring for others over self-interests, which helps to
explain why Hongkong has the highest rate of charitable giving in East
Asia.
(Hal
ini didukung oleh etika Konfusianisme yang mengutamakan merawat orang lain atas
kepentingan pribadi, yang membantu menjelaskan mengapa Hongkong memiliki
tingkat tertinggi memberikan amal di Asia Timur.)
Paris,
on the other hand, has a romantic ethos. But Parisians reject Hollywood’s banal
concept of love as a history that ends happily ever after. Their idea of romance
centers on its opposition to staid values and predictability of bourgeois
life.
(Paris,
di sisi lain, memiliki etos romantis. Tapi Paris menolak konsep dangkal
Hollywood cinta sebagai sejarah yang berakhir bahagia selamanya. Mereka ide
pusat asmara pada oposisi terhadap nilai-nilai tenang dan prediktabilitas
kehidupan borjuis.)
In fact,
many cities have distinctive identities of which their residents are proud.
Urban pride, what we call “civicism”, is a key feature of our
identities today.
(Bahkan,
banyak kota memiliki identitas khas yang warganya bangga. Kebanggaan perkotaan,
apa yang kita sebut "civicism", adalah fitur kunci dari identitas
kita hari ini.)
This
matters in part because cities with a clear ethos can better resist
globalization’s homogenizing tendencies. It is worrying when countries proclaim
their timeless and organic ideals, but affirming a city’s particularity can be
a sign of health.
(Hal
ini penting sebagian karena kota-kota dengan etos yang jelas lebih bisa menahan
kecenderungan globalisasi homogenisasi. Hal ini mengkhawatirkan ketika negara
menyatakan cita-cita mereka abadi dan organik, namun menegaskan kekhasan sebuah
kota dapat menjadi tanda kesehatan.)
Chinese
cities seek to counter uniformity via campaigns to recover their unique
“spirit”. Harbin, for example, prides itself on its history of tolerance and
openness to foreigners. Elsewhere, Tel Aviv’s official website celebrates,
among other attractions, the city’s progressive role as a world center for the gay
community.
(Kota-kota
Cina berusaha untuk melawan keseragaman melalui kampanye untuk memulihkan
mereka yang unik "roh". Harbin, misalnya, membanggakan diri pada
sejarah toleransi dan keterbukaan terhadap orang asing. Di tempat lain, situs
resmi Tel Aviv merayakan, antara atraksi lainnya, peran progresif kota sebagai
pusat dunia untuk komunitas gay.)
Urban
pride can also prevent extreme nationalism. Most people need a communal
identity, but it may well be better to find it in one’s attachment to a
city than in an attachment to a country that is armed and willing to engage in
conflict with enemies. Individuals who have a strong sense of civicism can make
decisions based on more than patriotism when it comes to national commitments.
(Kebanggaan
perkotaan juga dapat mencegah nasionalisme ekstrim. Kebanyakan orang
membutuhkan identitas komunal, tapi mungkin lebih baik untuk menemukan dalam
lampiran seseorang ke kota daripada di lampiran ke negara yang bersenjata dan
bersedia untuk terlibat dalam konflik dengan musuh. Individu yang memiliki rasa
yang kuat civicism dapat membuat keputusan didasarkan pada lebih dari
patriotisme ketika datang ke komitmen nasional.)
Cities
with a strong ethos can also accomplish political goals that are difficult to
achieve at the national level. China, the United States, and even Canada may
take years to implement serious plans to address climate change.
(Kota
dengan etos yang kuat juga dapat mencapai tujuan-tujuan politik yang sulit
dicapai pada tingkat nasional. Cina, Amerika Serikat, Kanada dan bahkan mungkin
waktu bertahun-tahun untuk melaksanakan rencana serius untuk mengatasi
perubahan iklim.)
Yet
cities like Hangzhou, Portland, and Vancouver take pride in their “green”
ethos, and go far beyond national requirements in term of environmental protection.
(Namun
kota-kota seperti Hangzhou, Portland, Vancouver dan bangga "hijau"
etos mereka, dan jauh melampaui persyaratan nasional dalam hal perlindungan
lingkungan.)
Urbanization
is blamed for a wide variety of modern social ills, ranging from crime and incivility
to alienation
and anomie.
But, by infusing us with their unique spirit and identity, our cities
may, in fact, help to empower humanity to face the most difficult challenges of
the 21st century.
(Urbanisasi
disalahkan untuk berbagai macam penyakit sosial modern, mulai dari kejahatan
dan ketidaksopanan keterasingan dan anomie. Tapi, dengan menanamkan kita dengan
semangat mereka yang unik dan identitas, kota-kota kami mungkin, pada
kenyataannya, membantu untuk memberdayakan umat manusia untuk menghadapi
tantangan yang paling sulit dari abad ke-21.)
The
writer is Daniel A. Bell (professor of arts and
humanities
at Jiatong University, Shanghai, and
professor
of ethics and political philosophy at Tsinghua
University,
Beijing) and Avner de-Shalit (chair for
Democracy
and Human Rights and dean of social
sciences
at Herbew University, Jerusalem).
No
|
Vocabulary
|
Definition
|
Translation
|
1
|
urbanization
|
the process by which more and more people leave the countryside to live
in cities
|
urbanisasi
|
2
|
contender
|
Person who tries to win something in
competition with others.
|
Lawan
|
3
|
atomized
|
To reduce
something into small piece
|
dikabutkan
|
4
|
nourish
|
Keep somebody or something alive and
healthy with food.
|
memelihara
|
5
|
distinctive
|
Marking something as clearly
different.
|
Khusus
|
6
|
civic
|
Of a town, city or it’s citizens.
|
Civic
|
7
|
ethos
|
the set of beliefs, ideas, etc
|
Jiwa
khas suatu bangsa
|
8
|
diverse
|
Of different kinds.
|
berbeda
|
9
|
pluralistic
|
Different
groups of people
|
pluralistik
|
10
|
inanimate
|
Not living
|
mati
|
11
|
sacred
|
Considered
to be holy
|
suci
|
12
|
tenets
|
Principles, belief.
|
prinsip
|
13
|
tricky
|
Difficult
to do or deal with
|
rumit
|
14
|
anglophones
|
A person who speaks English,
especially in countries where English is not the only language
|
Berbahasa Inggris
|
15
|
francophones
|
Speaking
French as the main language
|
Berbahasa Perancis
|
16
|
nonetheless
|
In spite of this fact.
|
Meskipun demikian
|
17
|
enshrined
|
Make a law, right, etc and
state it in an important document
|
mengabadikan
|
18
|
constitution
|
Set of law and principles according to
which a country is governed.
|
konstitusi
|
19
|
capitalism
|
Economyc system in which a country’s
trade and industry are controlled by private owners and not the state.
|
kapitalisme
|
20
|
underpinned
|
To be supported
|
didukung
|
21
|
confucian
|
Believing the teaching of Confucius
|
Kong hu cu
|
22
|
charitable
|
Kind in your attitude to others.
|
dermawan
|
23
|
romance
|
Love affair.
|
roman
|
24
|
predictability
|
Ability to predict
|
dapat
meramalkan
|
25
|
bourgeois
|
Class of people from the
middle class
|
Kelas sosial menengah keatas
|
26
|
civicism
|
Principle of civil government
|
civilisme
|
27
|
homogenizing
|
To become homogenous
|
homogenesis
|
28
|
tendencies
|
If someone has a tendency to do or like something, they will probably do
it or like it
|
kecenderungan
|
29
|
campaigns
|
Series of planned activities with a
particular aim.
|
kampanye
|
30
|
communal
|
Number of people, especially
people who live together
|
komunal
|
31
|
implement
|
Carry out a plan, idea,
etc.
|
melaksanakan
|
32
|
incivility
|
Rude behaviour
|
ketidaksopanan
|
33
|
alienation
|
Cause somebody to become unfriendly.
|
pengasingan
|
34
|
anomie
|
A lack of social or moral
standards
|
anomie
|
35
|
infusing
|
Make sb/sth have a particular
quality
|
menanamkan
|
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